The water-quality records are for water year 1997, which began October 1, 1996, and ended September 30, 1997. The following sections of the introductory text are presented to provide users with a more detailed explanation of how the hydrologic data were collected, analyzed, computed, and arranged for presentation.
Each surface-water data station is assigned a unique identification number. The number usually is assigned when a station is first established and is retained for that station indefinitely. The systems used by the U.S. Geological Survey to assign identification numbers for surface-water stations is based on geographic location. Generally, the "downstream-order" system is used for surface-water stations, and the "latitude-longitude" system is used in Wyoming for surface-water stations where only miscellaneous measurements are made.
Since October 1, 1950, the order of listing hydrologic-station records in Survey reports is in a downstream direction along the main stream. All stations on a tributary entering upstream from a mainstream station are listed before that station. A station on a tributary that enters between two mainstream stations is listed between them. A similar order is followed in listing stations on first rank, second rank, and other ranks of tributaries.
The station-identification number is assigned in downstream order. In assigning station numbers, no distinction is made between partial-record stations and other stations; therefore, the station number for a partial-record station indicates downstream-order position in a list made up of all types of stations. Gaps are left in the series of numbers to allow for new stations that may be established; hence, the numbers are not consecutive. The complete eight-digit number for each station, such as 06642000, which appears just to the left of the station name, includes the two-digit Part number "06" plus the six-digit downstream-order number "642000." The Part number designates the major river basin; for example, Part "06" is the Missouri River basin.
The identification numbers for miscellaneous surface-water sites are assigned according to the grid system of latitude and longitude. The number consists of 15 digits. The first six digits denote the degrees, minutes, and seconds of north latitude, the next seven digits denote degrees, minutes, and seconds of west longitude, and the last two digits (assigned sequentially) identify the order of sites if more than one within a 1-second grid. This site-identification number, once assigned, is arbitrary and has no locational significance. If the initial determination of latitude and longitude is found to be in error, the station will retain its initial identification number; however, its true latitude and longitude will be listed in the LOCATION paragraph of the station description.
Records of surface-water quality in this report represent a variety of data types and measurement or sampling and analysis frequencies. Whenever possible, records of surface-water quality are obtained at or near streamgaging stations because interpretation of surface-water quality and seasonal variation is enhanced by knowledge of corresponding discharge data.
Water-quality data for surface-water sites are grouped into one of three classifications. A continuing-record station is a site where data are collected on a regularly scheduled basis. Frequency may be once or more times daily, weekly, monthly, or quarterly. A partial-record station is a site where water-quality data are collected systematically over a period of years, but frequency of sampling usually is less than quarterly. A miscellaneous sampling site is a location where samples are collected one time or intermittently to provide better areal coverage for defining water-quality conditions over a broad area in a river basin.
A distinction needs to be made between "continuing records", as used in reference to data for continuing-record stations, and "continuous record," which refers to a continuous graph over time or a series of discrete values recorded at short time intervals on a paper tape. Some records of water quality, such as temperature and specific conductance, may be obtained through continuous recordings; however, most water-quality data are obtained on a monthly or less frequent basis.
When obtaining water-quality data, a major concern is assuring that onsite water-quality measurements and the samples collected for laboratory analysis are representative of the actual quality of the water. Measurements such as water temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen are made onsite when the samples are collected because of the potential for significant change with time. To assure that measurements made in the laboratory also represent the actual environmental concentrations of constituents, prescribed procedures need to be followed in collection and processing of samples. Procedures for onsite measurements and for collecting, treating, and shipping samples are given in publications on "Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations,"
(TWRI) Book 1, Chap. D2; Book 3, Chap. C2; Book 5, Chap. A1, A3, and A4. All of these references are listed under "PUBLICATIONS ON TECHNIQUES OF WATER-RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS" which appears at the end of the introductory text. Also, detailed information on collecting, treating, and shipping samples may be obtained from other references and from the Wyoming District office.
One sample can define adequately the water quality at a given time if the mixture of solutes throughout the stream cross section is homogeneous. However, the concentration of solutes at different locations in the cross section may vary widely with different rates of water discharge, depending on the source of material and the turbulence and mixing of the stream. Some streams must be sampled through several vertical sections to obtain a representative sample needed for an accurate mean concentration and for use in calculating load. Whether samples are obtained from the centroid of flow or from several verticals, depends on flow conditions and other factors which must be evaluated by the sampler.
Chemical-quality data published in this report are considered to be the most representative values available for the stations listed. The values reported represent water-quality conditions at the time of sampling as much as possible, consistent with available sampling techniques and methods of analysis. If an apparent inconsistency exists between a reported pH value and a relative abundance of carbon dioxide species (carbonate and bicarbonate), the inconsistency is the result of a slight uptake of carbon dioxide from the air by the sample between measurement of pH in the field and determination of carbonate and bicarbonate in the laboratory.
For water-quality stations equipped with electronic monitors and digital recorders, the record consists of a daily maximum, minimum, and mean values for each constituent measured and are based upon hourly punches beginning at 0100 hours and ending at 2400 hours for the day of record. More detailed records of the individual hourly values (unit values) may be obtained from the Wyoming District office.
Water temperatures are measured at water-quality stations at the time of sampling. In addition, water temperatures are taken at the time of discharge measurements at streamgaging stations. For stations where water temperatures are measured manually once daily, the water temperatures are taken at about the same time each day for consistency in the record. Deep streams commonly have a small diurnal temperature change, whereas shallow streams may have a daily range of several degrees, which closely follows the changes in air temperature. The water temperature in some streams may be affected by industrial discharges of warm water.
For stations where recording instruments are used, the record consisting of either daily mean temperatures or maximum and minimum temperatures for each day are published. Water temperatures measured at the time of water-discharge measurements and those taken manually once-daily are on file in the Wyoming District office.
Suspended-sediment concentrations are determined from samples collected using depth-integrating samplers. Samples usually are obtained from several verticals in the cross section. At daily sediment stations, daily samples may be obtained from a single vertical and a coefficient applied to determine the mean concentration in the cross section. Daily mean suspended-sediment concentrations are computed using sample concentrations and the continuous streamflow record according the methods described in TWRI Book 3, Chap. C3. Daily suspended-sediment discharge then is computed as the product of stream discharge times the daily mean concentration times a unit conversion factor of 0.0027.
During periods of rapidly changing flow or rapidly changing concentration, samples may have been collected more frequently (twice daily or, in some instances, hourly). The published sediment discharges for days of rapidly changing flow or concentration are computed by the subdivided-day method (time-discharge weighted average). Therefore, for those days when the published sediment discharge value differs from the value computed as the product of discharge times mean concentration times 0.0027, the reader can assume that the sediment discharge for that day was computed by the subdivided-day method. For periods when no samples were collected, daily discharges of suspended sediment were estimated on the basis of water discharge, sediment concentrations observed immediately before and after the periods, and suspended-sediment loads for other periods of similar discharge.
At other stations, suspended-sediment samples were collected periodically at many verticals in the stream cross section. Although data collected periodically may represent conditions only at the time of observations, such data are useful in establishing seasonal relations between suspended-sediment concentration and streamflow and in predicting long-term sediment-discharge characteristics of the stream.
In addition to the records of suspended-sediment discharge, records of particle-size distribution of the suspended sediment and bed material for periodic samples are included for some stations.
Samples for indicator bacteria are analyzed locally. Samples for suspended-sediment are analysed at the U.S. Geological Survey laboratory in Helena, Montana. Samples for all other constituents are analyzed at the Geological Survey National Water-Quality Laboratory in Arvada, Colorado. Methods used in analyzing sediment samples and computing sediment records are given in
TWRI, Book 5, Chap. C1 and C3. Methods used by the National Water-Quality Laboratory are given in
TWRI, Book 1, Chap. D2; Book 3, Chap. C2; Book 5, Chap. A1, A3, and A4.
In March 1989, the National Water-Quality Laboratory identified a bias in the turbidimetric method for sulfate analysis, indicating that values below 75 mg/L have a median positive bias of 2 mg/L above the true value for the period between 1982 and 1989.
New protocols have been established by the U.S. Geological Survey for the collection and processing of surface-water samples that are analyzed for dissolved inorganic constituents(1). These protocols are designed to produce trace-element data that are free of potential contamination associated with sample collection and filtration procedures. Because of the very low concentrations of some trace constituents in the environment, special precautions are necessary to protect the sample from the introduction of trace constituents during processing that could lead to a positive bias in reported concentrations. The protocols have been tested to assure reliable results at the microgram per liter (parts per billion) level. Dissolved trace-element data published prior to implementation of the protocols in 1994 may have a potential positive bias ranging from negligible to several micrograms per liter, depending on the procedures and sampling equipment used at the site.
The following remark codes may appear with the water-quality data in this report:
PRINTED OUTPUT REMARK
E Estimated value
> Actual value is known to be greater
than the value shown
< Actual value is known to be less
than the value shown
K Results based on colony count
outside the acceptable range
(non- ideal colony count)
The U.S. Geological Survey provides near real-time stage and discharge data for many of the gaging stations equipped with the necessary telemetry and historic daily-mean and peak-flow discharge data for most current or discontinued gaging stations through the world wide web (WWW). These data may be accessed at
http://www.water.usgs.gov
Some water-quality and ground-water data are also available through the WWW. In addition, data can be provided in various machine-readable formats on magnetic tape or 3-1/2 inch floppy disk. Information about the availability of specific types of data or products, and user charges, can be obtained locally from each of the Water Resources Division District offices.
Terms related to streamflow, water-quality, and other hydrologic data are defined below.
Acre-foot (AC-FT, acre-ft) is the quantity of water required to cover 1 acre to a depth of 1 foot and is equivalent to 43,560 cubic feet or about 326,000 gallons or 1,233 cubic meters.
Bacteria are microscopic unicellular organisms, typically spherical, rodlike, or spiral and threadlike in shape, often formed into colonies. Some bacteria cause disease, while others perform an essential role in nature in the recycling of materials; for example, by decomposing organic matter into a form available for reuse by plants.
Fecal coliform bacteria are bacteria that are present in the intestine and feces of warm-blooded animals. They are often used as indicators of the sanitary quality of the water. In the laboratory they are defined as all organisms that produce blue colonies within 24 hours when incubated at 44.5°C plus or minus 0.2°C on M-FC medium (nutrient medium for bacterial growth). Their concentrations are expressed as number of colonies per 100 mL of sample.
Fecal streptococcal bacteria also are bacteria found in the intestine of warm-blooded animals. Their presence in water is considered to verify fecal pollution. They are characterized as Gram-positive, cocci bacteria which are capable of growth in brain-heart infusion broth. In the laboratory they are defined as all the organisms which produce red or pink colonies within 48 hours at 35°C plus or minus 1.0°C on KF-streptococcus medium (nutrient medium for bacterial growth). Their concentrations are expressed as number of colonies per 100 mL of sample.
Non-ideal colony count (K) is a remark code used in reporting bacteria densities when plate counts fall outside of an ideal range. The lower limit of 20 colonies is set as the number below which statistically valid results become increasingly questionable. The upper limit, which differs according to type of bacteria, represents numbers above which interference from colony crowding, deposition of extraneous material, and other factors appear to result in increasingly questionable results.
Bed material is the sediment mixture of which a streambed, lake, pond, reservoir, or estuary bottom is composed.
Bottom material: See Bed material.
Chlorophyll refers to the green pigments of plants. Chlorophyll a and b are the two most common green pigments in plants.
Color unit is produced by one milligram per liter of platinum in the form of the chloroplatinate ion. Color is expressed in units of the platinum-cobalt scale.
Cubic foot per second (ft3/s) is the rate of discharge representing a volume of 1 cubic foot passing a given point during 1 second and is equivalent to 7.48 gallons per second or 448.8 gallons per minute or 0.02832 cubic meters per second.
Cubic-foot-per-second day (cfs-day) is the volume of water represented by a flow of 1 cubic foot per second for 24 hours. It is equivalent to 86,400 cubic feet, approximately 1.9835 acre-feet, about 646,000 gallons, or 2,447 cubic meters.
Discharge is the volume of water (or more broadly, volume of fluid plus suspended sediment) that passes a given point within a given period of time.
Dissolved refers to that material in a representative water sample which passes through a 0.45 micrometer membrane filter. This is a convenient operational definition used by Federal agencies that collect water data. Determination of "dissolved" constituents are made on subsamples of the filtrate.
Dissolved-solids concentration of water is determined either analytically by the "residue-on-evaporation" method, or mathematically by totaling the concentrations of individual constituents reported in a comprehensive chemical analysis. During the analytical determination of dissolved solids, the bicarbonate (generally a major dissolved component of water) is converted to carbonate. Therefore, in the mathematical calculation of dissolved-solids concentration, the bicarbonate value, in milligrams per liter, is multiplied by 0.493 to reflect the change.
Hardness of water is a physical-chemical characteristic that is commonly recognized by the increased quantity of soap required to produce lather. It is computed as the sum of equivalents of polyvalent cations and is expressed as the equivalent concentration of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
Hydrologic unit is a geographic area representing part or all of a surface drainage basin or distinct hydrologic feature as delineated by the Office of Water Data Coordination on the State Hydrologic Unit Maps; each hydrologic unit is identified by an eight-digit number.
Less than (<) is a remark code indicating that the analyzed value was found to be less than the numeric value listed. The value associated with the "<" remark indicates the detection limit of the applied laboratory or the reporting limit if specified by USEPA or state environmental agency.
Micrograms per gram (UG/G, µg/g) is a unit expressing the concentration of a chemical constituent as the mass (micrograms) of the element per unit mass (gram) of material analyzed.
Micrograms per liter (UG/L, µg/L) is a unit expressing the concentration of chemical constituents in solution as mass (micrograms) of solute per unit volume (liter) of solution. One thousand micrograms per liter is equivalent to one milligram per liter.
Microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (US/CM, µS/cm) is a unit for reporting specific electrical conductance.
Milligrams per liter (MG/L, mg/L) is a unit for expressing the concentration of chemical constituents in solution. Milligrams per liter represents the mass of solute per unit volume (liter) of solution. Concentration of suspended sediment also is expressed in mg/L and is based on the mass of dry sediment per liter of water-sediment mixture.
National Water-Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA) is a nationwide program that was started by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1991. The long term goals of the NAWQA program are to describe the status and trends in the quality of a large, representative part of the Nation's surface-water, and ground-water resources and to provide a sound, secientific understanding of the primary natural and human factors affecing the quality of these resources. The principal building blocks of the NAWQA program are the study-unit investigations on which national-level assessments are based. Study-unit investigations are comprehensive and include information on water, sediment, biota, and aquatic and terrestrial habitats within its boundaries.
Organism is any living entity.
Organism count/area refers to the number of organisms collected and enumerated in a sample and adjusted to the number per area habitat, usually square meter, acre, or hectare. Periphyton, benthic organisms, and macrophytes are expressed in these terms.
Parameter Code is a 5-digit number used in the U.S. Geological Survey computerized data system, National Water Information System (NWIS), to uniquely identify a specific constituent. The codes used in NWIS are the same as those used in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency data system, STORET. The Environmental Protection Agency assigns and approves all requests for new codes.
Partial-record station is a site where discrete streamflow and/or water-quality data are collected systematically over a period of years for use in hydrologic analyses.
Particle size is the diameter, in millimeters (mm), of a particle determined by either sieve or sedimentation methods. Sedimentation methods (pipet, bottom-withdrawal tube, visual-accumulation tube) determine all diameter of particles in either distilled water (chemically dispersed) or in native water (the river water at the time and point of sampling).
Particle-size classification used in this report agrees with the recommendation made by the American Geophysical Union Subcommittee on Sediment Terminology. The classification is as follows:
-------------------------------------------------------------
Classification Size (mm) Method of analysis
-------------------------------------------------------------
Clay 0.00024 - 0.004 Sedimentation
Silt .004 - .062 Sedimentation
Sand .062 - 2.0 Sedimentation or sieve
Gravel 2.0 - 64.0 Sieve
-------------------------------------------------------------
The particle-size distributions given in this report are not necessarily representative of all particles in transport in the stream. Most of the organic matter is removed, and the sample is subjected to mechanical and chemical dispersion before analysis in distilled water. Chemical dispersion is not used for native-water analysis.
Percent composition is a unit for expressing the ratio of a particular part of a sample or population to the total sample or population, in terms of types, numbers, mass, or volume.
Pesticides are chemical compounds used to control undesirable organisms. Major categories of pesticides include insecticides, miticides, fungicides, herbicides, and rodenticides.
pH indicates the degree of acidity or alkalinity of water and is expressed in logarithmic units. The pH value of a solution is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen-ion concentration, in moles per liter.
Picocurie (PC, pCi) is one trillionth (1 x l0-12) of the amount of radioactivity represented by a curie (Ci). A curie is the amount of radioactivity that yields 3.7 x 10 radioactive disintegrations per second. A picocurie yields 2.22 dpm (disintegrations per minute).
Radiochemical program is a network of regularly sampled water-quality stations where samples are collected to be analyzed for radioisotopes. The streams that are sampled represent major drainage basins within the conterminous United States.
Recoverable from bottom material is the amount of a given constituent that is in solution after a representative sample of bottom material has been digested by a method (usually using an acid or mixture of acids) that results in dissolution of readily soluble substances. Complete dissolution of all bottom material is not achieved by the digestion treatment and thus the determination represents less than the total amount (that is, less than 95 percent) of the constituent in the sample. To achieve comparability of analytical data, equivalent digestion procedures would be required of all laboratories performing such analyses because different digestion procedures are likely to produce different analytical results.
Sediment is solid material that originates mostly from disintegrated rocks and is transported by, suspended in, or deposited from water; it includes chemical and biochemical precipitates and decomposed organic material, such as humus. The quantity, characteristics, and cause of the occurrence of sediment in streams are influenced by environmental factors. Some major factors are degree of slope, length of slope, soil characteristics, land usage, and quantity and intensity of precipitation.
Suspended sediment is the sediment that at any given time is maintained in suspension by the upward components of turbulent currents or that exists as a colloid.
Suspended-sediment concentration is the velocity-weighted concentration of suspended sediment in the sampled zone (from the water surface to a point approximately 0.3 ft above the bed) expressed as milligrams of dry sediment per liter of water-sediment mixture (mg/L).
Mean concentration is the time-weighted concentration of suspended sediment passing a stream section during a 24-hour period.
Suspended-sediment discharge (tons/day) is the rate at which a quantity of sediment, as measured by dry mass or volume, passes a stream section in a given time. It is calculated in units of tons per day as follows: concentration (mg/L) x discharge (ft3/s) x 0.0027.
Suspended-sediment load is a general term that refers to the total mass of material in suspension. It is not synonymous with sediment discharge, which is a rate of transport.
Sodium-adsorption-ratio (SAR) is the expression of relative activity of sodium ions in exchange reactions within soil and is an index of sodium or alkali hazard to the soil. Waters range to sodium hazard from those which can be used for irrigation on almost all soils to those which are generally unsatisfactory for irrigation.
Solute is any substance that is dissolved in water.
Specific conductance is a measure of the ability of a water to conduct an electrical current. It is expressed in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius. Specific conductance is related to the type and concentration of ions in solution and can be used for approximating the dissolved-solids content of the water. Commonly, the concentration of dissolved solids (in milligrams per liter) is about 60 to 65 percent of the specific conductance (in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius). This relation is not constant from stream to stream, and may vary in the same source with changes in the composition of the water.
Streamflow is the discharge that occurs in a natural channel. Although the term "discharge" can be applied to the flow of a canal, the word "streamflow" uniquely describes the discharge in a surface stream course. The term "streamflow" is more general than "runoff" as streamflow may be applied to discharge whether or not it is affected by diversion or regulation.
Surficial bed material is the part (0.1 to 0.2 ft) of the bed material that is sampled using U.S. Series Bed-Material Samplers.
Suspended (as pertains to chemical analyses) refers to the amount (concentration) of undissolved material in a water-sediment mixture. It is associated with the material retained on a 0.45-micrometer filter.
Suspended, recoverable is the amount of a given constituent that is in solution after the part of a representative water-suspended sediment sample that is retained on a 0.45 µm membrane filter has been digested by a method (usually using a dilute acid solution) that results in dissolution of only readily soluble substances. Complete dissolution of all the particulate matter is not achieved by the digestion treatment and thus the determination represents something less than the "total" amount (that is, less than 95 percent) of the constituent present in the sample. To achieve comparability of analytical data, equivalent digestion procedures are required of all laboratories performing such analyses because different digestion procedures are likely to produce different analytical results. Determinations of "suspended, recoverable" constituents are made either by analyzing portions of the material collected on the filter or, more commonly, by difference, based on determinations of (1) dissolved and (2) total recoverable concentrations of the constituent.
Suspended, total is the total amount of a given constituent in the part of a representative water-suspended sediment sample that is retained on a 0.45-micrometer membrane filter. This term is used only when the analytical procedure assures measurement of at least 95 percent of the constituent determined. A knowledge of the expected form of the constituent in the sample, as well as the analytical methodology used, is required to determine when the results should be reported as "suspended, total." Determinations of "suspended, total" constituents are made either by analyzing portions of the material collected on the filter or, more commonly, by difference, based on determinations of (1) dissolved and (2) total concentrations of the constituent.
Tons per acre-foot indicates the dry mass of dissolved solids in 1 acre-foot of water. It is computed by multiplying the concentration of the constituent, in milligrams per liter, by 0.00136.
Tons per day (T/DAY) is the quantity, in tons, of a substance in solution or suspension that passes a stream section during a 24-hour period.
Total is the amount of a given constituent in a representative water-suspended sediment sample, regardless of the constituent's physical or chemical form. This term is used only when the analytical procedure assures measurement of at least 95 percent of the constituent present in both the dissolved and suspended phases of the sample. A knowledge of the expected form of the constituent in the sample, as well as the analytical methodology used, is required to judge when the results should be reported as "total." (Note that the word "total" indicates both that the sample consists of a water-suspended sediment mixture and that the analytical method determined all of the constituent in the sample.)
Total discharge is the quantity of any individual constituent, as measured by dry mass or volume, that passes through a stream cross-section per unit of time. This term needs to be qualified, such as "total sediment discharge," "total chloride discharge," and so on.
Total in bottom material is the amount of a given constituent in a representative sample of bottom material. This term is used only when the analytical procedure assures measurement of at least 95 percent of the constituent determined. Knowledge of the expected form of the constituent in the sample, as well as the analytical methodology used, is required to judge when the results should be reported as "total in bottom material."
Total, recoverable is the amount of a given constituent that is in solution after a representative water-suspended sediment sample has been digested by a method (usually using a dilute acid solution) that results in dissolution of only readily-soluble substances. Complete dissolution of all particulate matter is not achieved by the digestion treatment, and thus the determination represents something less than the "total" amount (that is, less than 95 percent) of the constituent present in the dissolved and suspended phases of the sample. To achieve comparability of analytical data, equivalent digestion procedures are required of all laboratories performing such analyses because different digestion procedures are likely to produce different analytical results.
Turbidity of a sample is the reduction of transparency because of the presence of particulate matter. In this report it is expressed in Nephelometric turbidity units (NTU), obtained from the nephelometric method for turbidity determination which measures the intensity of light scattered by suspended particles at 90 degrees from the path of an incident light source.
Water year in Geological Survey reports dealing with surface-water supply is the 12-month period October 1 through the following September 30. The water year is designated by the calendar year in which it ends and which includes 9 of the 12 months. Thus, the year ending September 30, 1990, is called "water year 1990."
Weighted average is used in this report to indicate discharge-weighted average. It is computed by multiplying the discharge for a sampling period by the concentrations of individual constituents for the corresponding period and dividing the sum of the products by the sum of the discharges. A discharge-weighted average approximates the composition of water that would be found in a reservoir containing all the water passing a given location during the water year after thorough mixing in the reservoir.
WSP is used as an abbreviation for "Water-Supply Paper" in reference to previously published reports.
The U.S. Geological Survey publishes a series of manuals describing procedures for planning and conducting specialized work in water-resources investigations. The material is grouped under major subject headings called books and is further divided into sections and chapters. For example, Section A of Book 3 (Applications of Hydraulics) pertains to surface water. The chapter, the unit of publication, is limited to a narrow field of subject matter. This format permits flexibility in revision and publication as the need arises.
The reports listed below are for sale by the U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Information Services, Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225 (authorized agent of the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office). Prepayment is required. Remittance should be sent by check or money order payable to the U.S. Geological Survey. Prices are not included because they are subject to change. Current prices can be obtained by writing to the above address. When ordering or inquiring about prices for any of these publications, please give the title, book number, chapter number, and "U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations."
1-D1. Water temperature--influential factors, field measurement, and data presentation, by H. H. Stevens, Jr., J. F. Ficke, and G. F. Smoot: USGS--TWRI Book 1, Chapter D1. 1975. 65 pages.
1-D2. Guidelines for collection and field analysis of ground-water samples for selected unstable constituents, by W. W. Wood: USGS--TWRI Book 1, Chapter D2. 1976. 24 pages.
2-D1. Application of surface geophysics to ground-water investigations, by A. A. R. Zohdy, G. P. Eaton, and D. R. Mabey: USGS--TWRI Book 2, Chapter D1. 1974. 116 pages.
2-D2. Application of seismic-refraction techniques to hydrologic studies, by F. P. Haeni: USGS--TWRI Book 2, Chapter D2. 1988. 86 pages.
2-E1. Application of borehole geophysics to water-resources investigations, by W. S. Keys and L.M. MacCary: USGS--TWRI Book 2, Chapter E1. 1971. 126 pages.
2-E2. Borehole geophysics applied to ground-water investigations, by W. S. Keys: USGS--TWRI Book 2, Chapter E2. 1990. 150 pages.
2-F1. Application of drilling, coring, and sampling techniques to test holes and wells, by Eugene Shuter and W. E. Teasdale: USGS--TWRI Book 2, Chapter F1. 1989. 97 pages.
3-A1. General field and office procedures for indirect discharge measurements, by M. A. Benson and Tate Dalrymple: USGS--TWRI Book 3, Chapter A1. 1967. 30 pages.
3-A2. Measurement of peak discharge by the slope-area method, by Tate Dalrymple and M. A. Benson: USGS--TWRI Book 3, Chapter A2. 1967. 12 pages.
3-A3. Measurement of peak discharge at culverts by indirect methods, by G. L. Bodhaine: USGS--TWRI Book 3, Chapter A3. 1968. 60 pages.
3-A4. Measurement of peak discharge at width contractions by indirect methods, by H. F. Matthai: USGS-TWRI Book 3, Chapter A4. 1967. 44 pages.
3-A5. Measurement of peak discharge at dams by indirect methods, by Harry Hulsing: USGS--TWRI Book 3. Chapter A5. 1967. 29 pages.
3-A6. General procedure for gaging streams, by R. W. Carter and Jacob Davidian: USGS--TWRI Book 3, Chapter A6. 1968. 13 pages.
3-A7. Stage measurement at gaging stations, by T. J. Buchanan and W. P. Somers: USGS--TWRI Book 3, Chapter A7. 1968. 28 pages.
3-A8. Discharge measurements at gaging stations, by T. J. Buchanan and W. P. Somers: USGS--TWRI Book 3, Chapter A8. 1969. 65 pages.
3-A9. Measurement of time of travel in streams by dye tracing, by F. A. Kilpatrick and J. F. Wilson, Jr.: USGS--TWRI Book 3, Chapter A9. 1989. 27 pages.
3-Al0. Discharge ratings at gaging stations, by E. J. Kennedy: USGS--TWRI Book 3, Chapter A10. 1984. 59 pages.
3-A11. Measurement of discharge by the moving-boat method, by G. F. Smoot and C. E. Novak: USGS--TWRI Book 3, Chapter A11. 1969. 22 pages.
3-A12. Fluorometric procedures for dye tracing, Revised, by J. F. Wilson, Jr., E. D. Cobb, and F. A. Kilpatrick: USGS- -TWRI Book 3, Chapter A12. 1986. 34 pages.
3-A13. Computation of continuous records of streamflow, by E. J. Kennedy: USGS--TWRI Book 3, Chapter A13. 1983. 53 pages.
3-A14. Use of flumes in measuring discharge, by F. A. Kilpatrick and V. R. Schneider: USGS--TWRI Book 3, Chapter A14. 1983. 46 pages.
3-A15. Computation of water-surface profiles in open channels, by Jacob Davidian: USGS--TWRI Book 3, Chapter A15. 1984. 48 pages.
3-A16. Measurement of discharge using tracers, by F. A. Kilpatrick and E. D. Cobb: USGS--TWRI Book 3, Chapter A16. 1985. 52 pages.
3-A17. Acoustic velocity meter systems, by Antonius Laenen: USGS--TWRI Book 3, Chapter A17. 1985. 38 pages.
3-A18. Determination of stream reaeration coefficients by use of tracers, by F. A. Kilpatrick, R. E. Rathbun, Nobuhiro Yotsukura, G. W. Parker, and L. L. DeLong: USGS--TWRI Book 3, Chapter A18. 1989. 52 pages.
3-A19. Levels at streamflow gaging stations, by E.J. Kennedy: USGS--TWRI Book 3, Chapter A19. 1990. 31 pages.
3-A20. Simulation of soluable waste transport and buildup in surface waters using tracers, by F. A. Kilpatrick: USGS--TWRI Book 3, Chapter A20. 1993. 38 pages.
3-A21 Stream-gaging cableways, by C. Russell Wagner: USGS--TWRI Book 3, Chapter A21. 1995.
56 pages.
3-B1. Aquifer-test design, observation, and data analysis, by R. W. Stallman: USGS--TWRI Book 3, Chapter B1. 1971. 26 pages.
3-B2. Introduction to ground-water hydraulics, a programed text for self-instruction, by G. D. Bennett: USGS-- TWRI Book 3, Chapter B2. 1976. 172 pages.
3-B3. Type curves for selected problems of flow to wells in confined aquifers, by J. E. Reed: USGS--TWRI Book 3, Chapter B3. 1980. 106 pages.
3-B4. Regression modeling of ground-water flow, by R. L. Cooley and R. L. Naff: USGS--TWRI Book 3, Chapter B4. 1990. 232 pages.
3-B4. Supplement 1. Regression modeling of ground-water flow - Modifications to the computer code for nonlinear regression solution of steady-state ground-water flow problems, by R. L. Cooley: USGS--TWRI Book 3, Chapter B4. 1993. 8 pages.
3-B5. Definition of boundary and initial conditions in the analysis of saturated ground-water flow systems--An introduction, by O. L. Franke, T. E. Reilly, and G. D. Bennett: USGS--TWRI Book 3, Chapter B5. 1987. 15 pages.
3-B6. The principle of superposition and its application in ground-water hydraulics, by T. E. Reilly, O. L. Franke, and G. D. Bennett: USGS--TWRI Book 3, Chapter B6. 1987. 28 pages.
3-B7. Analytical solutions for one-, two-, and three-dimensional solute transport in ground-water systems with uniform flow, by E. J. Wexler: USGS--TWRI Book 3, Chapter B7. 1992. 190 pages.
3-C1. Fluvial sediment concepts, by H. P. Guy: USGS--TWRI Book 3, Chapter C1. 1970. 55 pages.
3-C2. Field methods for measurement of fluvial sediment, by H. P. Guy and V. W. Norman: USGS--TWRI Book 3, Chapter C2. 1970. 59 pages.
3-C3. Computation of fluvial-sediment discharge, by George Porterfield: USGS--TWRI Book 3, Chapter C3. 1972. 66 pages.
4-A1. Some statistical tools in hydrology, by H. C. Riggs: USGS--TWRI Book 4, Chapter A1. 1968. 39 pages.
4-A2. Frequency curves, by H. C. Riggs: USGS--TWRI Book 4, Chapter A2. 1968. 15 pages.
4-B1. Low-flow investigations, by H. C. Riggs: USGS--TWRI Book 4, Chapter B1. 1972. 18 pages.
4-B2. Storage analyses for water supply, by H. C. Riggs and C. H. Hardison: USGS--TWRI Book 4, Chapter B2. 1973. 20 pages.
4-B3. Regional analyses of streamflow characteristics, by H. C. Riggs: USGS--TWRI Book 4, Chapter B3. 1973. 15 pages.
4-D1. Computation of rate and volume of stream depletion by wells, by C. T. Jenkins: USGS--TWRI Book 4, Chapter D1. 1970. 17 pages.
5-A1. Methods for determination of inorganic substances in water and fluvial sediments, by M.J. Fishman and L. C. Friedman, editors: USGS--TWRI Book 5, Chapter A1. 1989. 545 pages.
5-A2. Determination of minor elements in water by emission spectroscopy, by P. R. Barnett and E. C. Mallory, Jr.: USGS--TWRI Book 5, Chapter A2. 1971. 31 pages.
5-A3. Methods for the determination of organic substances in water and fluvial sediments, edited by R. L. Wershaw, M. J. Fishman, R. R. Grabbe, and L. E. Lowe: USGS--TWRI Book 5, Chapter A3. 1987. 80 pages.
5-A4. Methods for collection and analysis of aquatic biological and microbiological samples, by L. J. Britton and P. E. Greeson, editors: USGS--TWRI Book 5, Chapter A4. 1989. 363 pages.
5-A5. Methods for determination of radioactive substances in water and fluvial sediments, by L.L. Thatcher, V. J. Janzer, and K. W. Edwards: USGS--TWRI Book 5, Chapter A5. 1977. 95 pages.
5-A6. Quality assurance practices for the chemical and biological analyses of water and fluvial sediments, by L. C. Friedman and D. E. Erdmann: USGS--TWRI Book 5, Chapter A6. 1982. 181 pages.
5-C1. Laboratory theory and methods for sediment analysis, by H. P. Guy: USGS--TWRI Book 5, Chapter C1. 1969. 58 pages.
6-A1. A modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model, by M. G. McDonald and A. W. Harbaugh: USGS--TWRI Book 6, Chapter A1. 1988. 586 pages.
6-A2. Documentation of a computer program to simulate aquifer-system compaction using the modular finite-difference ground-water flow model, by S. A. Leake and D. E. Prudic: USGS--TWRI Book 6, Chapter A2. 1991. 68 pages.
6-A3. A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems, Part 1: Model Description and User's Manual, by L. J. Torak: USGS--TWRI Book 6, Chapter A3. 1993. 136 pages
6-A4. A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems, Part 2: Derivation of finite-element equations and comparisons with analytical solutions, by R. L. Cooley: USGS--TWRI Book 6, Chapter A4. 1992. 108 pages.
6-A5. A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems, Part 3: Design philosophy and programming details, by L. J. Torak: USGS--TWRI Book 6, Chapter A5, 1993. 243 pages.
6-A6. A coupled surface-water and ground-water flow model (MODBRANCH) for simulation of stream-aquifer interaction, by Eric D. Swain and Eliezer J. Wexler. 1995. 125 pages.
7-C1. Finite difference model for aquifer simulation in two dimensions with results of numerical experiments, by P. C. Trescott, G. F. Pinder, and S. P. Larson: USGS--TWRI Book 7, Chapter C1. 1976. 116 pages.
7-C2. Computer model of two-dimensional solute transport and dispersion in ground water, by L. F. Konikow and J. D. Bredehoeft: USGS--TWRI Book 7, Chapter C2. 1978. 90 pages.
7-C3. A model for simulation of flow in singular and interconnected channels, by R. W. Schaffranek, R. A. Baltzer, and D. E. Goldberg: USGS--TWRI Book 7, Chapter C3. 1981. 110 pages.
8-A1. Methods of measuring water levels in deep wells, by M. S. Garber and F. C. Koopman: USGS--TWRI Book 8, Chapter A1. 1968. 23 pages.
8-A2. Installation and service manual for U.S. Geological Survey manometers, by J. D. Craig: USGS--TWRI Book 8, Chapter A2. 1983. 57 pages.
8-B2. Calibration and maintenance of vertical-axis type current meters, by G. F. Smoot and C. E. Novak: USGS--TWRI Book 8, Chapter B2. 1968. 15 pages.
9-A7. National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data: Biological Indicators, by D. N. Myers and F. D. Wilde: USGS--TWRI Book 9, Chapter A7. 1997. 49 pages.
Footnotes- (1)
- Horowitz, A.J., Demas, C.R., Fitzgerald, K.K., Miller, T.L., and Rickert, D.A., 1994, U.S. Geological Survey Protocol for the Collection and Processing of Surface-Water Samples for the Subsequent Determination of Inorganic Constituents in Filtered Water: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-539, 57 p.
Reference for the 1997 water-data report:
Smalley, M.L., Woodruff, R.E.,
Clark, M.L., and Sadler, W.J., 1998, Water resources data, Wyoming,
water year 1997__v. 1: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Data Report WY-97-1,
435 p.
For more information about the water-data reports, please contact:
slgreen@usgs.gov
For other information about water-quality data for Wyoming, please contact:
mlclark@usgs.gov
The URL for this page is: http://wy.water.usgs.gov/projects/QW/index.htm
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